Being Unemployed and the Impact of Unemployment

In this modern day, that which defines the person’s private life including his lifestyle is his personal accomplishments with regards to his work or job. He fails to see the significance of other people within the community in his achievements. Now, this paper would try to see how community and the society affect the character and attitude of the people who are unemployed.The first part of the paper would discuss the very concept of unemployment and the underlying factors that cause unemployment. The second part would present the effects of unemployment to the individuals and to the society/community.The last part would include an analysis of the problem of unemployment and conclusion First Part: What is Unemployment? Unemployment pertains to a condition wherein a willing person lacks opportunity to obtain any job or work. (Sinfield) Such lacking of opportunity can be either caused by the person himself or by the different factors that affect the community (i. e. economics, po litics, etc. ) The unemployed person could really find difficulty in finding job when he himself lacks certain requirements. For example, an aspirant wants to work with a particular company. However, he did not pass the qualifications and standard of that company (e.g. educational attainment, background check-up). Hence he loses the chance of acquiring a job mainly because the problem is he himself. No matter how willing a person is if he would not pass the standard or qualification of a company, it is most likely that he would not get a job. On the other hands, there are factor that affect unemployment. First is the economic element. The companies are closing their doors to applicants because the economy is very low such that hiring them would endanger the standing of the companies (perhaps the companies think that they cannot afford to pay the wages of these applicants if ever they hire them).Second is political element. The political instability may cause economic stability. Thus the result would be the refusal of the companies to hire new workers. (Walters) Lastly, environmental element can also be a factor in the problem of unemployment. The people may find difficulty in looking for jobs when they are situated in a place wherein companies would most likely refuse to establish themselves. These are just some of the factors that can really affect the problem of unemployment. Second Part: What are the Effects of Unemployment?Effects of unemployment can be directly manifested in the people’s lifestyle and character. (Sinfield) People who are unemployed usually live in places that are far from industrialized regions (i. e. rural areas, slum areas). They find so much difficulty in meeting their everyday needs such as food, clothing, shelter and others. Some cannot even afford to eat three times a day. The way they dress up can really show how unfortunate themselves being unemployed. Unemployed people may express their disappointment and depression by the way they behave toward other people.Unemployed people may become forceful or unwilling to socialize with other people. These people are usually the ones who boldly declare dissent towards the government and its programs and policies. (Moller) Third Part: Analysis and Conclusion on the Impact of Unemployment As an analysis, the problem of unemployment is really dependent on the key factor or elements that govern the structure and function of society. They significantly affect the lives of the unemployed (and even the employed) people.Nevertheless, if these key elements would be in good condition, the unemployment rate could be resolved granted that there are great efforts that would be put in its actualization. The effects of unemployment show how people react and behave toward other people. Moreover, unemployment may also define how people should live and think. (Moller) As a conclusion, unemployment is really a defining mark of the standard of living (or of how people live). More often, jobless people pursue to obtain work unfortunately due to the cited key elements that govern the society, having jobs is not really easy for them.And manifestations of the effects of unemployment could be illustrated by how unemployed people interact with the community or society. References: Moller, Valerie. The unemployment blues: Psychological effects of unemployment on the individual. Centre for Social and Development Studies, University of Natal, 1992. Sinfield, Adrian. What Unemployment Means. Blackwell Publishers, 1981. Walters, William. Unemployment and Government: Genealogies of the Social . Campbridge University Press, 2000.

Miranda Complex in Julia Alvarez’s How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents Essay

The article of Jennifer Bess who is an assistant professor of Peace Studies at Coucher College in Baltimore, Maryland, starts with a quotation from Alice Walker’ s book The Way Forward Is with a Broken Heart: A diary like this, with so many blank pages, seems to reflect a life permeated with gaps, an existence full of holes. But perhaps that is what happens when one’s experience is so intensely different from anything dreamed of as a child that there seems literally to be no words for it. This quotation is a kind of foreshadowing of what Bess puts forward in her article. The article starts with the background of the Miranda complex which is stated in the article’s title. It is mentioned that there is a girl named Miranda in Shakespeare’s play The Tempest. She has all the privileges of her father’s administration over an island; however she states that â€Å" I have suffered/ with there that I saw suffer! â€Å" because of his father’s authoritarianism. From the gender point of view, she carries the burden of oppression and powerlessness of Caribbean people and also the burden of oppression â€Å"the benefits and protection offered by colonizing father and husband. † She is a victim and an inheritor of the forces of colonialism at the same time. According to the article, Julia Alvarez studies this complex inheritance in her autobiographically based novel How The Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents. Alvarez’s characters tell many truths about their history and shared identity through Garcia girls. At the beginning of the novel, Alvarez goes back to the history of Garcia family to the time of Miranda . There were conquerors â€Å"encircling her own wrists† and she passes on these conquistadors to the Garcia sisters in the novel. The novel then emphasizes the themes of loss and violation; on the one hand there is a comfort and strength when the Garcia girls experience the female alliance and the richness of their shared Dominican experience; on the other hand however, they feel the pain of oppression. Because the privileged women of color tell only some parts of the story, her novel involves the mixed voices of silent people and the history’s loses along with Garcia family’s role in violence and victimization. According to the article, Alvarez’s characters come across wit the absence of memories so she must dig into the collective memory in order to uncover what remains of â€Å"common experience broken in time. Just like Miranda, the character Yolanda sympathizes with the others who suffer, however; she cannot identify herself with them completely because of her privilege, just as she cannot identify completely with Americans and even with her own extended family on the island. Her identity is fractured, unlike Miranda who depends on her father to fill in the gaps of her past, Yolanda takes the responsibility and writes her own past; in short she â€Å"recaptures the self† through her self creation. Alvarez’s characters cannot recover the loses of the past but with the exploration of Miranda’s complex, they transform â€Å"mandate of silence† into a revolution of truth telling and self-invention. For the Bess, the novel’s missing words and missing stories forms its theme; however the theme is not only one of loss ; it is also one in which Miranda faces the price of her family’s privilege. In other words, Alvarez uses absences and silence to expose the complexity of her characters’ inheritance, an inheritance shared by all â€Å"who have been shaped by the legacies of western expansion. Bess uses a quotation from Almanac of the Dead referring the alienation that the Garcia girls experienced; In Almanac of the Dead, Leslie Marmon Silko explains through a storyteller that the theory of the Big Bang was â€Å"consistent with everything else that he had seen: from their flimsy attachments to one another and their children to their abandonme nt of the land where they had been born,† westerners and those who have inherited their culture all share the same fate of alienation as do Adam and Eve, â€Å"wandering aimlessly because the insane God who had sired them had abandoned† and expelled them (1991, 258). She continues with another quotation stating that Silko calls the European as the orphaned children and thinks that the girls suffer after their exile: As Silko continues, â€Å"the Europeans had not been able to sleep soundly on the American continents, not even with a full military guard. They,† Like their heirs in Carlos and Yolanda, â€Å"suffered from nightmares and frequently claimed to see devils and ghosts† Their past, divided by the â€Å"river of bodies† left by the Haitian massacre and by the massacre of the natives hundreds of years before, will forever keep the Garcias orphaned spiritually.

Social Anxiety

Anxiety With awareness of different mental and psychologically disorders on the rise, one in particular caught my eye. Social anxiety disorder has always intrigued me due to its close relationship to shyness and has sparked many different questions pertaining to how this disorder differs from Just being shy. For my research paper, I would Like to explore how this disorder's symptoms are different from being shy as well as explore why people with social anxiety exhibit these symptoms.In exploring why people exhibit symptoms, I hope to find different studies that show how social anxiety disorder affects the brain and how people with the disorder's brains differ from people who do not suffer from it. Along with this, I would also like to be able to thoroughly explain how the disorder affects the dally lives of sufferers and when symptoms of the disorder begin as well as how to recognize that these symptoms correlate to having social anxiety disorder. For my research paper, I would like to explain different treatments for the disorder and figure their effectiveness as well as why they are effective.I will also examining the correlation between social anxiety and many other different mental or psychological disorders and determining if there is a direct relationship between any two. Amiss, P. L. , M. G. Gelded, and P. M. Shaw. â€Å"Social Phobia: A Comparative Clinical Study. † The British Journal of Psychiatry 142. 2 (1983): 174-79. Print. This article discusses a study in which symptom's of people with social anxiety were compared with symptoms of people with agoraphobia. The study was conducted to prove that certain symptoms were distinct to a certain disorder.The homonyms were assessed through clinical, questionnaire, and demographic data. The results showed that symptoms of social anxiety differed from agoraphobia as social anxiety symptoms were more apparent and voluble to others. This source will be helpful In my research as I will be able to referenc e this when I am explaining different symptoms of social anxiety disorder. With the support of this article, I will be able to make claims that indicate that many symptoms of social anxiety disorder are unique to this disorder only. Connors, K. M. Psychometric Properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): New Self-rating Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry 176. 4 (2000): 379-86. Print. Before this study, no social phobia scales Incorporated variables such as fear, avoidance, and physiological symptoms. The author of the article created a new scale called the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN which incorporated each of these previously unused variables. A study was conducted to assess the validity of this new scale and results were obtained which indicated that this test correctly measured social phobia levels and was responsive to change over time.This source will be helpful for my research paper as it gives many efferent examples of different tests used to determine If an Indi vidual suffers from correctly diagnose someone with the disorder. I will incorporate this in my paper when talking about how people are diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. Craig, Ashley, and Woven Train. â€Å"Fear of Speaking: Chronic Anxiety and Stammering. † Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 12. 1 (2006): 63-68. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. Web. 31 Mar. 2014 This article reviews the relationship of stammering as a child and the prevalence of social anxiety.Stammering when young is usually caused by higher anxiety levels of the child in question. The article shows that children who stammer when they are younger are at a higher risk of developing social anxiety disorder. It also talks about why children stammer and identifies the social fears associated with it. I will use this in my research paper to identify early onset symptoms of people with social anxiety. The article goes into great detail over the social fears experienced by the children who stammer and expl ains the relationship between this and social anxiety.From this, I will be able to go into further detail over the social anxiety symptom of stammering and explain what causes the behavior. Marilyn J. Essex, Marjorie H. Klein, Marcia J. Clattery, H. Hill Goldsmith, Ned H. Kaolin; Early â€Å"Risk Factors and Developmental Pathways to Chronic High Inhibition and Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescence. † American Journal of Psychiatry. There has been evidence that suggests that high levels of behavioral inhibition act as a precursor for social anxiety disorder.The authors of this article took it upon themselves to evaluate and identify the different risk factors that may also play a part in development of the disorder. They conducted a study which evaluated 238 children who they followed from birth until the 9th grade. Different behavioral factors were evaluated in each participant. After evaluating each factor in the children, results showed that each factor examined accounted for greater and chronic inhibition. By the ninth grade, the study indicated that chronic high inhibition was associated with a lifetime of social anxiety disorder.Conclusions were made that high levels of inhibition were directly related to the development of social anxiety by adolescence. I will be able to use this source in my research paper to show the early signs of social anxiety. How the disorder develops will also be expanded upon using this article in my paper. Mark Olefins, Mary Guardian, Elmer Strutting, Franklin R. Schneider, Fred Hellman, Donald F. Klein; â€Å"Barriers to the Treatment of Social Anxiety. † American Journal of Psychiatry. 4. 1 57(2000):521-527. 22 Mar 2014.Despite the advancement in availability to treatments for social phobia, many adults do not seek help for their problems. The authors of this article evaluated the barriers to treatment for adults with social anxiety disorder and conducted a study that involved adults who participated in the Na tional Anxiety Disorders Screening Day in 1996. Background characteristics of individuals with symptoms of social anxiety were compared to those who participated in the screening who had no symptoms of social anxiety disorder. The barriers to previous mental health treatment for all participants in the study were evaluated and compared.The results of the study indicated that people with social anxiety have a higher risk of functional impairment and feelings of isolation as well as run a higher risk of suicide. They also reported financial barriers, uncertainty of where to seek help, and fear of what others may think which decreased the likelihood for them to seek help. Conclusion were preventing sufferers from seeking the proper help needed. From this study, I will be able to take the results and relay them into my research paper to show the different barriers people who suffer from the disorder have.I will also be to show that without properly sought out help, many people are left with serious symptoms that affect their daily lives. Michael, M. , and M. Brushwood. â€Å"Social Anxiety Disorder in First- episode Psychosis: Incidence, Phenomenology and Relationship with Paranoia. † The British Journal of Psychiatry 195. 3 (2009): 234-41. Print. For people with psychosis, the prevalence of social anxiety disorder poses a big problem. However, it is unclear if this is a byproduct of persecutory thinking. A study was conducted to determine the significance of social anxiety on people who suffer form psychosis.The results of the study showed that social anxiety is a significant commodity in first-episode psychosis. This study showed that there was a definite relationship between psychosis and social anxiety. I will be able to incorporate this into my research paper when comparing social anxiety with different diseases and will be able to note the different shared symptoms and the effects that both disorders have on the brain to define why he disorders are re lated. Psych Central Staff. â€Å"Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) Symptoms. † Psych Central. Com. Physic Central, n. . Web. 24 Mar. 2014. Psych Centrals article over social anxiety begins by giving a general overview of symptoms of social anxiety. The article explains that people who suffer from this disorder have an extreme fear of becoming exceptionally anxious or humiliated in certain social situation. Sufferers of social anxiety also have different symptoms than a person who is shy. Social anxiety differs from shyness as individuals who are only shy do not experience the extreme anxiety from social situations and do not go to extreme lengths to avoid social situations.The article then goes on to list symptoms that people with social anxiety must have. People with social anxiety have an intense fear of being scrutinized in social or performance situations in which they are around people they are unfamiliar with. Social anxiety also makes an individual go to extreme lengths to avoid these situations, which interrupts their normal routine. This article will be helpful in writing my research paper as I will be able to use it to identify common signs of social anxiety disorder.This source will also be helpful in comparing and contrasting the differences between the disorder and shyness. The article is a good overview of the disorder that helped give a general understanding of what social anxiety disorder is. Richard Dolman, Ph. D. , Joseph Himself, Ph. D. , Deborah Beebe, Ph. D. , James Babbles, M. D. , Ph. D. , Jody Hoffman, Ph. D. , Michelle Van Tenet-Lee, Ph. D. ; â€Å"Impact of Social Anxiety Disorder on Employment Among Women Receiving Welfare Benefits. † Psychiatric Services. 22 Mar 2014.Social anxiety disorder can affect many different aspects of life and is a common disorder that is disabling and costly. The authors of this article decided to examine the different obstacles of employment of women in Michigan receiving welfare. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form aided the authors in establishing the psychiatric diagnoses of the different women in question. The study surveyed 609 different women who suffered from social anxiety and completed at least one-third of the Women's Employment Study.The surveys of the women with social anxiety were demonstrated that the women with the disorder worked fewer months than those without the disorder and indicated the severity of social anxiety as it had a greater impact on life than depression. Conclusions were made that indicated that social anxiety posed significant problems to sufferers, making it hard for them to go to work. From this source I will be able to access how social anxiety affects the lives of those who suffer from it.I will incorporate this source into my paper as an example of the type of people who normally suffer from the disorder and its impact on their lives. Samuel Lilies, Ph. D. , Jessica Eleven's, B. A. , Rater Biggs, B. A. , Linda Johnson, B. A. , Reagan Amelia, Ph. D. , Daniel Pine, M. D. , Christian Grilling, Ph. D. ; â€Å"Elevated Fear Conditioning to Socially Relevant Unconditioned Stimuli in Social Anxiety Disorder. † American Journal of Psychiatry. 1. 65(2008):124-132. 22 Mar 2014. Conditioned fear is a classic symptom of patients with social anxiety disorder.The authors of this article decided to perform a study to examine the differences in general conditionality by using socially nonspecific, unconditioned stimuli. A model for conditioned fear was made by the authors using unconditioned stimuli of facial expressions and verbal feedback. In the study, patients with social anxiety disorder as well as subjects used hat worked as healthy comparisons underwent different classical conditioning consisting of three different facial expressions: one happy, one neutral, and one angry. Each of the expressions was paired with audio that reflected the nature of the facial expression.The results o f the study showed that only the social anxiety patients suffered from fear conditioning from the facial expressions. The conclusion of the study indicates a conditioning contribution to social anxiety disorder. I will be able to incorporate this study into my research paper as experimental proof of symptoms of people with social anxiety. The study showed that individuals who suffer from the disorder are more frightened and effected by facial expressions than normal. Sinclair, Leslie. â€Å"Treating Social Anxiety Doesn't Decrease Alcohol Consumption. † Psychotherapists.Psychiatric News, 06 July 2012. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. In Sinclair article, she examines the relationship between social anxiety disorder and alcohol consumption. In the article, she lists psychiatrist Sarah Book as defining that social anxiety puts people at a higher risk to abuse alcohol in order to decrease stress and feel more relaxed and that different effective treatments should be more deadly available to s ufferers of social anxiety disorder. In order to back her claims, Book took it upon herself to conduct several different studies to analyze this relationship.In one study, she and some of her colleagues determined whether social anxiety serves as a detriment to successful outcomes in traditional forms of alcohol and drug use therapy. The results from the study showed that there was clear correlation between social anxiety and alcohol abuse. I will use this article in my research paper to show that social anxiety disorder has other indirect symptoms. From this, I will be able to make claims over the seriousness of the disorder and show that some symptoms cannot be cured through the disorders different treatment options.Smith, Melinda, and Ellen Gaffe-Gill. â€Å"Social Anxiety Disorder & Social Phobia. † Social Anxiety Disorder and Social Phobia: Symptoms, Self-Help, and Treatment. Gaffe-Gill begins by defining what social anxiety disorder is. Social anxiety, which is also kno wn as social phobia, is the extreme fear of certain social interactions. There are certain triggers which spark symptoms of the disorder such as meeting new people, performing on stage, taking exams, or even eating or drinking in front of others. Once triggered, people who have the disorder experience emotional, behavioral, and physical symptoms.The article continues by presenting different treatment options for social anxiety disorder which include challenging negative thoughts, breathing control, changing one's lifestyle through the building of new relationships. This article will be helpful as it will allow me to examine the different treatment options given to sufferers of social anxiety. This source also discussing the effectiveness of each treatment. With these different treatments, I can do further research into exactly how each one works and include this in my research paper. â€Å"Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder). NIMH IRS. National institute of Mental Health, n. D. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. This article by the National Institute of Mental Health begins by defining what social anxiety is. The article defines social anxiety disorder as the strong fear of being Judged by others or embarrassed. The causes for the disorder are not completely known, however studies have shown that it tends to run in families. Researchers have found that there are several parts of the brain involved with fear and anxiety and have examined them in order to try and find effective cures for the disorder.The second portion of this article by the Institute of Mental Health talks about how somebody is diagnosed with the disorder. Sufferers of social anxiety usually start having symptoms during their youth. Doctors are able to diagnose the disorder if one has had persistent symptoms for longer than 6 months. I will be able to use this source to assess how social anxiety effects the brain and how different treatments work on the brain to relieve symptoms. The way that people are d iagnosed is also mentioned in the article, which I will be able to use in my research paper.Stefan Plaint, Leonardo Coercion, Eric Hollander; â€Å"Social Anxiety in Outpatients With Schizophrenia: A Relevant Cause of Disability. † American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004):53-58. 22 Mar 2014. Many people who suffer from schizophrenia exhibit many symptoms of social anxiety disorder, which are often looked past due to the other more serious symptoms of schizophrenia. The authors of this article conducted a study to examine the relationship between the two disorders and determine if they are linked.In the study, 80 people diagnosed with schizophrenia and 27 people diagnosed with social anxiety disorder were assessed with the different mental health tests. The results of the study indicated that social anxiety is often prevalent in people who have schizophrenia, but is unrelated to the clinical psychological symptoms. This study will also be very helpful in comparing social anxiety disorder to different mental disorders. It will also be used to assess the correlation between the two disorders and with further research I will be able to ampere the effects of both disorders on the brain.Stein MOB, Putsch M, MÃ'Ëœleer N, H ¶fleer M, Life R, Witches H. â€Å"Social Anxiety Disorder and the Risk of Depression: A Prospective Community Study of Adolescents and Young Adults. † Arch Gene Psychiatry. 3. 58(2001): 251-256. 22 Mar 2014. This article examines the correlation between social anxiety disorder and depression. The authors of the article noticed that perform a study to assess the relationship between the two disorders. To begin, data was collected from a longitudinal, epidemiological study of people aged 14-24 to use as baseline.Follow up interviews were given to determine if these individuals suffered from symptoms of both depression and social anxiety and to assess the extent of their disorders. The results from the study showed that individuals with no depressed symptoms at baseline had an increased likelihood to exhibit symptoms of depression. Those who suffered from social anxiety disorder and depression during baseline also showed worsened depressed conditions. This article will help me in my research as it gives a very detailed study over the relationship between social anxiety and depression.I will be able to use this when discussing the various side effects that the disorder gives. This source will also be helpful in discussing the relationship between different mental disorders. Veal, David. â€Å"Treatment of Social Phobia. † Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 9. 4 (2003): 258-64. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. Web. 31 Mar. 2013. This article begins be explaining what social anxiety is and how it effects the lives of people who have it. It gives statistics over the disorder, such as explains that it is the 3rd most common mental disorder in the word, has a lifetime prevalence of %, and has an equal gender rati o.The article lists a very detailed description of the different symptoms and why sufferers exhibit them. The article's focus is put on the different treatments and how they work as well as which treatments work better for different people based on symptoms. Some of these treatments include pharmacopoeia and cognitive therapy. I will use this article to note the relationship between symptoms exhibited and the most effective treatments. Since the article goes very in depth over each symptom and its best treatment option, I will be able to show why each treatment is effective.

1. What is your Managerial Philosophy Under what conditions it will Assignment

1. What is your Managerial Philosophy Under what conditions it will work and what may make you reconsider your managerial philosophy 2. What is ethics and what is ethical behaviour - Assignment Example The other condition where it would work is where the management lenders challenging but job related tasks, guidance to their success in these challenges rejuvenates the energy to work harder. However, there are extreme cases that lead to the reconsideration of this philosophy; when brooding and checking for potential leaders within the team, as a manager one has to drop this philosophy to observe the best skills or who could coordinate others in your absentia yet via the right business track. Ethics can be defined as a control mechanism involving systemization, defending and recommending various concepts termed as right or wrong that often address moral disputes or limit chances of moral dispute occurrence all together (Barbara, 2010). Ethical behavior means acting in a manner consistent with individuals or the society typically regard as good values. This behavior is healthy for any goal-oriented business. Ethical behavior is known to involve demonstration of respect for important and morally upright principles, which includes fairness, dignity, honesty individual rights, equality and diversity. In conclusion, management philosophies guide a business leader, but would be eased further by training the staff on the benefits of work ethics where they can guide themselves in the manager’s

Research paper(gay) Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

(gay) - Research Paper Example At present, same-sex marriage is recognized only at the state level because the federal Defense of Marriage Act prohibits the federal recognition of such marriages. This essay argues that gay marriage should be legalized because same-sex relationships are not intrinsically more unstable compared to heterosexual unions, gay couples have the same interests as straight ones in getting married, same-sex couples do not rear psychologically unhealthy children, and same-sex marriage promotes and affirms personal and constitutional rights to privacy and social justice. Same-sex relationships are not inherently more unsound compared to heterosexual relationships. Opponents of same-sex marriage stressed that homosexuals tend to fly from one relationship to another, which means that they are unprepared to be in monogamous marriages. Obama presents a different view, when he talks about people in service and close acquaintances â€Å"who are as committed, as monogamous, as responsible† (Yoshino 11). His personal experience reveals that these couples can dedicate themselves to one partner too. If there are many gay people who have numerous sexual partners, this cannot be isolated as an inherent trait of being gay because many heterosexual men and women are unfaithful to their partners too. Numerous gays are in long-lasting relationships because they can do so and because they want to. Hence, saying that gays cannot be committed is fallacious and is not based on the reality of long-term gay relationships. Gay couples have the same interests as heterosexual ones and as a matter of fairness, they deserve the same access to marriage. In â€Å"The Fundamental Argument for Same-Sex Marriage,† Wedgwood stresses the reality than countless gay couples have the same expectations as heterosexuals, when it comes to marriage. They expect sexual intimacy, domestic and economic cooperation, and a voluntary commitment to preserving

Business simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business simulation - Essay Example As such, it is important to involve them in fun activities and make them introduce themselves to one another so that they can break the ice (Dyer & Dyer, 2013). Secondly, I would ensure that each team member develops a common understanding of the various job roles within the new team (Bendaly & Bendaly, 2012). Each team member should be aware of what another member of the team is responsible for (Franz, 2012). Therefore, as everyone thrives to work to their highest standard possible, they should also help their team mates in the same, strengthening the ream spirit of working together (Kayes, 2004). A final strategy of improving the efficiency of the newly formed team would be to set the team goals and create a plan of how to achieve them. I would also conduct regular progress reviews to identify the achieved goals and clarify the responsibilities of each team member towards achieving the set goals (Ditullio, 2010). Having carried out the business simulation, I have gained a lot of experience in the business fields of marketing, strategy, team effectiveness and finance. As such, I believe I can highly contribute to a business team and work effectively towards achieving the set goals and objectives (Lussier & Achuna, 2010). The understanding of the factors that make a business successful makes me a potential team player in your business, and I can add value to it (Cox, 1997). Through the tough work and harsh conditions involved in the business simulation, it is evident that being decisive is a key element towards the success of business (Tracy, 2002). There are times when one is faced with situations in which they have to make prompt decisions that affect the business. These decisions can lead to either success or failure, but they have to be made. It is better to have a wrong decision than a delayed one (Skrabec & Benedict, 2003). The decisiveness of an individual in a business, especially in the

Nursing Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Education - Assignment Example et al. First Published : November-December 2008 Introduction The department of nursing is evaluating nursing student’s capability of appraising scientific articles using evidence based teaching methods. These articles reveal three stages of teaching how to appraise scientific articles. For instance, there is the formulation of a question, searching for relevant evidences, and significant appraisal of the evidence (Oermann, 2007). The synopsis The nursing department applies the three steps by giving the students two scientific articles to evaluate. The students are organized into discussion groups. In addition, they discuss the articles with their lectures. Finally, both the students’ discussions and the examination results reports, recommend that method of appraising scientific articles (Smith-Strom & Nortyedt, 2008). Consequently, Smith-strom argues that, this discovery improves the student’s attitude towards apprising scientific articles thus the critical appra isal of articles. Sewell, a specialist in computers, informatics, nursing (CIN), conducts research on the impacts of the decision process, based on evidence. He researches whether the decision can improve the passing rates of national council licensure examinations in the Bachelor of Science nursing option (Engelmann, et al., 2008). These articles, further indicates that, the processes can also apply in other nursing sections irrespective of their mission and the number of students (Mastrian, 2011). In his article, he also examines the key components that significantly contribute to success in nursing programme. The article also discovers new lessons and opportunities for detailed assessment methods. These articles explore the way of achieving excellence in nursing education (Gaberson, 2009).They also provide that the key features of excellence in nursing offer a strong foundation for an outstanding performance thus excellent services. These features guide nursing education programs for their self-actualization. Additionally, such foundations’ features translate to the nature of candidates, the type of the faculty, assured improvement in quality, and curriculum teaching and evaluation strategies (Sewell, Culpa-Bondal & Colvin, 2008). A sample of a research question about the evidence based programs and teaching is shown below. Is there a need for a change in diagnosis and care planning? The research design Collect internal data about diagnosis and care planning then compare with an external data. Connect the problem with intrusion and outcomes using Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). Create the best verification by a text review and vital appraisal of accessible research in diagnosis and care planning. Merge the research evaluation results with qualitative statistics, medical finding, and contextual data. Evaluate system feasibility; consider patient benefits and threats of implementing diagnosis care. D evise a change in the current diagnosis practices. Lastly apply and maintain the change in the diagnosis care practice. The research setting Five experimental assessments are conducted in four nursing centers. The project starts in 2012, which gives a good context for the research. The researchers, the nurses, the patients, and the agencies that deal with nursing services perform the experiments. The research starts with the assessment of one of the nursing schools. In addition, similar assessments occur in other nursing schools.

Amendment of Management Systems & Financial Information for Decision Essay

Amendment of Management Systems & Financial Information for Decision Making - Essay Example Global competitors are learning to develop and manufacture products that can be introduced and marketed simultaneously in many countries. In doing so, they are sourcing technology, materials, and components from sites and suppliers located throughout the world.ï ¿ ½ Source: Frear, C.R., Metcalf, L.E., and Alguire, M.S., (1992), ï ¿ ½Offshore Sourcing: Its Nature and Scope,ï ¿ ½ International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, Summer The following structures are suggested: Structure 1: - introduction. - Multination enterprises. - Globalisation. - Evaluation of PESTLE/Key Dynamics. - Linking MNEs with porter and yip. - Conclusion. or Structure 2: 1. Introduction. 2. The global dynamics: A shift in economic power. 3. MNEs and total global strategy. 4. How the global dynamic influence MNEs to place their total global strategy, (globalisation, cost, market, government, competitive drivers). 5. conclusion. Can you do it in a very high quality paper to achieve the merit? Reply: I have done numerous projects on the given topic and most of my customers have received very high marks and they have also appreciated my work. I assure you that the paper will definitely be of high

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS - Essay Example ces on who gets a scarce treatment or immunization, who would get a transplant, and who has access to a provider in high demand raise various conflicts among the potential stakeholders. Hence, the law and ethics must come to application in solving stakeholders’ interests. They have different interests when there are resource allocation issues. For example, the patients seek to have the employer provide a wide variety of options for health coverage and fund their health insurance. The employers on the other hand seek maintain or lower the health cost contribution for the patients. Indeed, they are only ready to pay the patient’s most necessary health care. Furthermore, the health providers seek to provide preventive care and high quality health care that is mostly expensive and out of insurance cover. Health payers on the other hand seek to use few tests and fewest visits to obtain clear evidence and a diagnostic plan to achieve accurate treatment (Department of Communit y and Family Medicine, 2005). All these interests should fall in place during resources allocation. Indeed, while deciding on who would get a transplant, I will consider the serious of the disease, the costs involved, and the resources available. As such, the most serious cases with the least cost implication should get the transplant. At the same breath, the patients who are generally health should get scarce treatment or immunization. Nevertheless, all children should get the requisite immunization free of charge where possible. Additionally, no medication should apply to healthy persons despite their willingness to fund such treatment. Furthermore, it is ethical to accord children, patients with complicated and high incidence diseases access to a provider in high demand. Most importantly, in most cases, children patients should get the first priority while making health

JFK Assassination Essay Example for Free

JFK Assassination Essay Introduction November 22, 1963 is considered one of the darkest days in the history of the United States. Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas was the setting for one of the most horrific moments ever captured on video, in what has become one of the most controversial topics in US history. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy has raised many theories about what exactly happened that day in the fall of 1963. Many wonder if the lone gunmen theory published by The Warren Commission is the truth, or better yet was even possible? Other questions such as why was certain evidence overlooked and in the case of the President’s limousine and clothing, why were they washed and repaired before the proper investigation could be performed on them? Many books have been written on the subject of the JFK assassination, and I in fact would have to end up writing a book just to mention and discuss all of them. Simply to avoid that, I chose to discuss only a few topics and give my own two cents on what could have been done better to investigate the assassination of the 35th President of the United States. I first want to focus on the mishandling of critical evidence that many experts say would easily answer certain questions. For example the mishandling of evidence that might have proven that there was more than one shooter, and where exactly the shots came from. Second, I want to look at how that evidence would have helped in answering those questions and how they may have directed us towards a guilty suspect or suspects. I have heard investigators say that you only get one shot at a crime scene, and once it is gone, you never get a second chance to redo it over ever again. It’s important to keep that in mind as regards to the JFK assassination because the lack of proper investigating is what has lead to there being so many myths about the assassination becoming fact, and the truth slowly being drowned underneath. Obviously, I will not be able to solve this case today, but I’d like to think that if I was given a fair and honest chance to be there in Dealey Plaza on the 22nd of November 1963, I could have provided our country the closure that its been looking for, for over 40 years now. Mishandled Evidence Video footage, eyewitnesses, firearm, bullets and casings, police on the scene during the crime, and most important of all, they immediately had a suspect. So why couldn’t the Dallas police department solve the most infamous murder of the 20th century? Disregarding all of the conspiracy theories and focusing on the crime scene investigation aspect, it seems that this case was all but in the bag when it was dropped into the lap of the Dallas police department. Poor mishandling of evidence seems to be the main contributor as to why so much speculation arises when the JFK assassination topic comes up. A famous picture from that day is of a detective holding up what at first was thought to be a German-made 7.65-caliber Mauser, but was later identified to be an Italian Mannlicher-Carcano 6.5-caliber carbine (Lancer, 1996). The interesting detail in this picture is that the detective is holding the Italian Mannlicher-Carcano with his bare hands. In another photo from that day, a different detective is walking out of the Texas School Book Depository with the rifle in his hand, and again is carrying the rifle with his bare hands. Now obviously since the rifle did belong to Lee Harvey Oswald, the Dallas police department was more than likely able to lift a fingerprint off it. But simple procedures such as the proper handling of evidence is what can make or break an investigation, in this case the Dallas police department choose the latter of the two. In addition, another problem raised by poor mishandling of evidence was the Paraffin tests of Lee Harvey Oswald’s hands and cheek. In his book Reclaiming History, Vincent Bugliosi says that the â€Å"Dallas Police performed a paraffin test on Oswalds hands at the time of his interrogation to determine if he had recently fired a revolver and the results were positive, indicating the presence of nitrates from gunpowder residue on his hands (Bugliosi, 2007). But here’s where the plot thickens, according to an online article written by Pat Speer; earlier in the book Bugliosi said that the Paraffin Test was inconclusive on the grounds that â€Å"the mere handling of a weapon may leave nitrates of the skin, even without firing it† (Speer, 2007, para. 4). Even worse, later on in Pat Speer’s article titled â€Å"Bugliosi Fails the Paraffin Test,† Speers brings up the fact that even though the paraffin tests on Oswalds hands were positive, the tests on Oswalds cheek were negative. My point of all of this is simple; if Oswald did fire a rifle that afternoon, and he did so with the intentions of being deadly accurate, common sense and simple logic tells us that he would have had to put the rifle up to his check in order to fire it accurately at his target. Even with little knowledge of firearms or possessing any skills and or knowledge in using them, we can easily deduce that Oswald or any assassin for that matter would have had some form of gunshot residue on their cheek after accurately firing a rifle at President Kennedy. But the most frustrating and disheartening part of the investigation into the assassination of President Kennedy is the carelessness and maltreatment of the autopsy. After President Kennedy was illegally transported form Parkland hospital in Dallas to Bethesda Naval hospital in Washington, the mishandling evidence and the lack of operating according to procedures by untrained staff and personnel continued. An example of this is that none of the doctors who performed the autopsy were trained on how to trace a bullets trajectory through the human body (Ramsland, 2009). The pathologist, a Naval officer by the name of Commander James J. Humes was ordered not to do a full autopsy, instead he was instructed to find the bullet lodged in President Kennedy’s body (Ramsland, 2009). More mistakes that are outlandish were made as the Commander burned his autopsy notes because they were covered with blood. And after only two hours, which is said to be an incredibly short amount of time for an autopsy, Commander Humes prepared President Kennedy’s body for embalming. Bad photos by an inexperience photographer, and poor X-rays didn’t improve the situation either, examples of this are the photos of the head wound that Kennedy suffered. The pathologist did not shave the hair around the wound; consequently, the photograph of the area had poor visibility and almost no detail. Small and simple mistakes are contagious, and after time can add up into making a big difference. This was proven to be the case on that fateful day in Dallas. Redoing the Crime Scene I have pointed out many of the mistakes that were made during the investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Some of those mistakes may have been done intentionally; others may have been made on accident, that is a topic of discussion for another paper. The questions now are, could those mistakes have lead to clearing up some of the mysteries surrounding the JFK assassination, and how could they have been corrected. In addition, can modern day technology rise above those mistakes and produce a clear and definitive answer into the JFK assassination. I think we can agree that the mishandling of the rifle and the inconclusiveness of the Paraffin tests are easy mistakes to correct, that’s pretty much CSI 101 stuff. However, the investigation gets tricky as regards to the autopsy and the procedures that needed to followed there. First, trained and experienced pathologists needed to be performing the procedure, and need to perform the full autopsy, y-incision and all. Proper notes and sketches of the procedure need to made and kept on record, as well as the determination of whether a wound is an entrance or exit wound. I bring this point up because Commander Humes was unable to determine which wounds were the exit and which were the entrance wounds (Ramsland, 2009). Appropriate photos of the autopsy need to be taken, and the basic process for taking the photos needs to followed so investigators can work with them later on. An example of this would be the photos of the fatal head shot wound and trying to make any determination from the photos. As I stated earlier, it is near impossible to draw any conclusions because the hair around the wound wasn’t shaven as it was supposed to have been in order to enhance the detail and clarity of the wound. Unfortunately, we cannot go back and rework the crime scene or re-gather evidence in its original form. However, modern science and technology allows us the opportunity to take what evidence we do have and analyze it in ways that weren’t possible back in 1963. Let us take bullet trajectory for example; today, bullet trajectories are often determined and calculated using a computerized simulation to help in reconstruction. This method raises much debate, but at the same time, it has been useful in complicated cases. Whether it would be helpful in this particular case can be debated all day long, but the fact remains that if the initial evidence from 1963 that we have is accurate, than this method of mapping the bullets trajectory is more than likely to deliver us the answers we are looking for. Finally, could new technology help us determine where the bullets came from? Was it the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository, or could the shots have come from the infamous lone gunmen on the grassy knoll? Using new technology, we have the potential of figuring this out by analyzing the bloodstain pattern in the limousine before it was cleaned and repaired. A team of experts brought together by the Discovery Channel has reproduced the JFK assassination. â€Å"Using modern blood spatter analysis, new artificial human body surrogates, and 3-D computer simulations, the team determined that the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository was the most likely origin for the shot that killed the 35th president of the United States† (Bland, 2008, para. 1). Experts simulated the assassination by recreating the scene as close as humanly possible to what happened that day in Dealey Plaza. After the simulation was complete, it was determined that â€Å"most of the simulated body material had spattered forward into the car, consistent with a shot that entered the back of the head and exited toward the front† (Bland, 2008, para. 10). This helps strengthen the theory that Lee Harvey Oswald was the only assassin that day in Dealey Plaza, and that he alone assassinated John F. Kennedy. This type of computer investigation has only been available for close to five years now, it is probable however, that criminologists will keep on making use of 3-dimensional crime scene reconstruction to help recreate events and gather evidence that a 2-dimensional picture alone cannot divulge. Unfortunately for us though, with so many mysteries surrounding the JFK assassination, even when evidence such as this seems to be as hard as concrete, many still f ind it hard to believe. Conclusion It sometimes seems that we will never know what really happened that day in Dallas; too many clouds have surrounded the assassination and made it incredibly difficult to understand the facts about what truly happened that day. Nevertheless, if we ignore the conspiracy theories and simply look at the facts of the case we can conclude that it was mishandled from start to finish. I am no crime scene investigator, but I feel safe in saying that the men who investigated the assassination of John F. Kennedy did a lousy job, and the only good that could ever come from studying their mistakes is using them as example of what not to do. Mishandling of evidence, botched autopsy, and failure to follow in the most basic criminal investigation practices and procedures is what has lead to what should have been an open and shut case, turning into a long drawn out nightmare. We can easily look back and say the investigation should have been done this way, and the autopsy do that way, and that many of the errors that were made were elementary and the motives behind them questionable. However, we cannot go back, and instead of looking to the past for answers, we must look to the future for them. Technology has shed some new light on the investigation of the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and has pointed us in the direction to what more than likely happened that day. As stated earlier, the mystery surrounding the assassination of JFK is unprecedented, and no other case not even the assassination of Julius Caesar has so much secrecy, obscurity, and ambiguity been present. Will we ever know who murdered our former president and how? With the mishandling of the evidence collected back in 1963, it just may turn out that we may truly never know. References Bugliosi, V. (2007). Reclaiming History: Norton, W. W. Company, Inc. Bland, E. (2008, November). Tech puts JFK conspiracy theories to rest. Retrieved October 12, 2009, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27705829 Ramsland, K. (2009). The Magic Bullet. Retrieved October 1, 2009, from http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/forensics/ballistics/4.html?print=yes Speer, Pat. (2007, July). Bugliosi Fails the Paraffin Test. Retrieved October 2, 2009, from http://www.whokilledjfk.net/paraffin_test.htm (1996). Ballistic Evidence. Retrieved October 4, 2009, from http://www.jfklancer.com/photos/Rifle_Bullets/index.html

Estimation Model And Decomposition

Estimation Model And Decomposition In this lecture we introduce project estimation to estimate project resource requirements, time duration, human effort, and cost. We also discuss the models and techniques used in the project estimation. We also discuss the estimation methods such as comparative, top-down, bottom-up (engineering), historical analogy and expert judgment. Then we presented decomposition technique to break down the project into tasks to assist us in estimating the project. We focus on the work breakdown structure (WBS) decomposition method. Learning Outcomes Understand estimation model Understand decomposition technique and planning tools 1.0 Introduction In this lecture we continue discussion of project management in software engineering. We start by introducing the project estimation to estimate project resource requirements, time duration, human effort, and cost. We discuss the models and techniques used in the project estimation. We also discuss the estimation methods such as comparative, top-down, bottom-up (engineering), historical analogy and expert judgment. Then we present decomposition technique to decompose the project into tasks to assist us in estimating the project. We focus on the work breakdown structure (WBS) decomposition method. 2.0 Estimation Model Project estimation is a highly subjective and person-dependent process. A project task could be done in one day by one person but could take a few hours by another person. Hence, different estimates could be given by different persons of the time it takes to perform a task. After actual execution and performing of the task, the time it has taken to be performed is a measured, actual and real time. Accordingly, any time estimate to performing the task that is not close to the actual time is inaccurate. Project estimates are established at early in a project by the software development team and corporation management. These estimates are required for project resources, work to be done, project cost, project schedule, and time to delivery. Project estimates are required during project planning which is a crucial phase of the project lifecycle. Project estimating techniques are available based on metrics accumulated from past similar project experiences. Projects should be estimated in a structured and formal way, otherwise, estimates are inaccurate and projects could be handed in late. Structured and formal project estimation methods that use sound techniques and understanding have the following advantages: They make estimates more accurate They allow the project team to reach a consensus on the estimates They improve the accuracy of those estimates They make it much more likely that projects will come in on time Project planning requires estimates of the: Resource requirements Human effort- in person-months Time project duration- in calendar time Project cost and budget In practice, project history and past experience are often used as a guide in estimating the above values. The estimation usually requires breaking the project into pieces. At early stages in a project the software development team and management team must establish estimates for resources required (human resources, equipment, software, space, tools, etc.), work to be done and time to product delivery. Cost, time, and resource estimating techniques are available based on metrics accumulated from past similar project experiences. Usually, several approaches and methods are used to estimate these values. Then, estimated values that result from different estimation methods are compared. If these values vary widely, then this variance is taken as an indication of the need for more information. Projects could fail due to different causes related to project estimation. For example, the initial estimation of the budget needed for the completion of the project could be too little or too much. This can also be applied to the duration of the project, as some projects fail due to too little time being assigned for completion. As well as this, another factor that leads to project failure is ill planning, where the whole project is not planned out right from the start. Also, the goals and objectives of a project, which are developed at the start of the project may be regularly altered/changed which as a result causes confusion within the workforce. In addition to this, due to technology being a fast-paced industry, the personnel of the project need to stay up-to-date with this rapid change in order to use the correct the technology for the project. Finally, a lack of or ineffective communication between the workforce of the project, regardless of their role and position, can also l ead to broken interactions and project failure. Estimates could be inaccurate due to different reasons including people injury, sickness, or resign. Project development teams could run into unexpected technical problems, etc. Therefore, the objective of estimation is that people in the organization who have the training and knowledge to give an honest, well-informed opinion of the effort (time, cost, resources, etc. ) required to do a task. The uncertainty about the project could be reduced and more accurate estimates could be generated by producing well-documents about the project scope and vision by the organizations management and by reaching a consensus on the tasks that must be performed by the development team members. This consensus could be reached through discussion of assumptions. The following are some project estimation techniques (models): Source Lines of Code (SLOC): Source Lines of Code (SLOC) is the oldest metric for estimating project effort and thus is the primary input of older cost estimation models. The accurate estimation of a software project estimate is based on size of the project to be built. Project size is translated into human effort, time and money. Software Equation: In software equation estimate data is collected for thousands of similar projects and a the estimation model is a software equation as given below: EPM = (L x Sk(1/3) / PP)3 x (1/d4) Where EPM- is the Effort in Person Months L is the number of code Line Sk is the factor of Special sKills PP is the Parameter of Productivity D is the project Duration Using SLOC as input for cost estimation has some disadvantages because estimating the SLOC early in the software development lifecycle can be difficult. Therefore, if the SLOC estimate is inaccurate, the output of the dependant cost estimation model will be inaccurate. Software LIfecycle Management (SLIM): SLIM was developed in the late 1970s. Wideband Delphi: Wideband Delphi is an effective technique in estimating software tasks. Proxy Based Estimating (PROBE): This is an estimation method that looks at the history of a person in terms of components he has built in the past. It states that a person constructing a component that he has previously constructed (or one similar to it) then the amount of effort that will go into building this component will roughly be the same. The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO): COnstructive COst MOdel (COCOMO) is a software cost and schedule estimating method which was developed in the early 1980s. It was developed through an experiment which involved the analyzing and evaluating of results for 63 software development projects. COCOMO was updated in 1991 for modern development life cycles, in order to accommodate larger sets of data. It is calculated on the basis of 15 cost factors. These factors, sometimes called variables, cover the cost of the software needed, any computer hardware that will be used, and the cost of labor (wages). These are inputted into the model and as a result, an output is arrived at estimating the size and effort that need to be put into the project for it to succeed. The Planning Game: The Planning Game is the software project planning method developed by Extreme Programming (XP). It was developed in the 1990s. It is basically used to manage the negotiation between the development team and the stakeholders (Business customers). Unlike Delphi, PROBE, and COCOMO, the Planning Game does not require a documented description of the scope of the project to be estimated. Rather, it is a full planning process that combines estimation with identifying the scope of the project and the tasks required to complete the software. Estimates use comparative estimate, grass roots estimate, engineering estimate (bottom-up), top-down estimate, historical analogy estimate, expert judgment estimate, models estimate, and/or rules-of-thumb estimate. Typically, estimates are made using some combination of these/some of these estimate methods. These estimate methods are described in the following paragraphs. Comparative estimate: Comparative estimate compares project with past similar projects. One advantages of this method is that estimates are based on actual experience. One disadvantages of this method is that truly similar projects must exist. Engineering estimate (Bottom-up): Engineering Estimate (Bottom-up) assigns different components of the project to individuals to estimate. Then, component estimates are summed to obtain total estimate of the project. Advantages of this method include generation of accurate estimates because of detailed basis for estimate, promotion of individual responsibility, and support of project tracking. Some disadvantages of this method are that the method is time- consuming, detailed data is needed which may not be available, especially before the project starts or early in the project, and integration costs may be disregarded. Top-Down estimate: Top-Down estimate partitions the project into lower level components where life cycle phases begin at highest level. Some advantages of this estimate are that it is more applicable to early project estimates, it considers system level activities, it is faster, and easier to implement. Some disadvantages of this estimate is that it is less accurate than other methods, it tends to overlook lower-level components, and it provides little detail. Historical analogy estimate: Historical analogy estimate is based on using the software size, effort, or cost of a comparable project from the past. The comparison is made using measures or data that has been recorded from completed software projects. Analogical estimates can be made at high levels using total software project size and/or cost for individual Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) categories in the process of developing the main software cost estimate. Expert judgment estimates: Expert judgment estimates specifies that software development team consults with one or more experts. Some advantage of this estimate is that little or no historical data are needed, and it is good for new or unique projects. Some disadvantages of this estimate is that experts tend to be biased, and their knowledge level is sometimes questionable. This is a subjective estimate based upon what the estimator remembers from previous projects and gets modified mentally as deemed appropriate. If the estimator has significant recent experience in both the software domain of the planned project then, expert judgment can be relatively accurate. Model-based estimate: Model-based estimate uses mathematical relationships or parametric cost models. Parametric cost models are empirical relationships derived by using statistical techniques applied to data from similar previous projects. Rules-of-thumb estimate: Rules-of-thumb estimate come in a variety of forms and can be a way of expressing estimates as a simple mathematical relationship (e.g. cost = Lines_of_Code / 10) or as percentage allocations of effort over activities or phases based upon historical data (e.g. coding task is 22% of Total Effort). The popular project estimates approach is to use several methods and compare values. If these values vary widely, then this variance is taken as an indication of the need for more information. Model-based estimates along with high-level analogies are the principal source of estimates in early conceptual stages. At early stages of the project or before it starts, we usually do not have a clear estimates, but as a project matures and the requirements and design are better understood, analogy estimates based upon more detailed functional decompositions become the primary method of estimation, with model-based estimates used as a means of estimate validation or as a correctness check. Whatever method is used, it is most important that the assumptions and formulas are documented to enable more thorough review and to make it easier to revise estimates at completion of the project when assumptions may need to be revised. Expected Value for Software Size is computed as follows: Suppose that: Expected value for estimation variable (size) estimate = S, Weighted Average of Optimistic estimate = (S opt) Most likely estimate (S m) Pessimistic estimate (S pess ) Then, S can be computed as: S = (S opt +4 S m + S pess)/6 The calculation of the effort put in, in terms of persons-month, in a dynamic multi variable model can be defined as follows: Software Equation (E) = [LOC * B0.333/P]3 *(1/t4) Where: E is effort in person-months, t is the duration of the project, B is special skills factor, P is productivity. 2.1 Decomposition Technique Decomposition technique is used to estimate the project as presented in the previous section. After decomposing the entire project into a number of smaller tasks, we make project estimates. It is easier to handle smaller tasks than to handle a very larger project as a whole. So, the entire project (problem) is broken down into number of smaller tasks (problems) and then each smaller problem could be solved easily. Decomposition technique is used as a technique or model for cost and project estimate. It is difficult to estimate the project as one task. Therefore, the project is decomposed into smaller tasks and each task is estimated individually and then the partial estimations of project tasks are added up for the whole project. Decomposition technique is used as a technique or model for cost and project estimate. It is difficult to estimate the project as one task. Therefore, the project is decomposed into smaller tasks and each task is estimated individually and then the partial estimations of project tasks are added up for the whole project. A sound and formal estimate starts with a work breakdown structure (WBS). A WBS is a list of project major phases, deliverables, and work components (tasks) that will be built by the project that, when completed, will produce the final product. These work components/tasks can then be broken down into the activities that are required to build them. The concept of this technique is to break down the work into smaller tasks. Each task can in turn be broken down further. This technique is very useful for the project development team and project management team to become familiar with the scope of the project, identifies work tasks, needed resources, and cost estimation. It also helps to monitor the projects progress. Project managers use the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) to estimate projects and make complex projects more manageable. Some advantages of using WBS include: Assists with more accurate project estimation in cost, effort, resources, and schedule Assists with project organization Helps with assigning responsibilities to project development team members. A WBS that is correctly designed allows for the easy assignment of tasks to a specific element of the WBS, cutting down on confusion/duplication of assigned tasks. Shows the control points and project milestones Helps explain the project scope to customers and stakeholders Assist in planning and control of the project Tasks and Subtasks are related to each other in the sequence of project task networks. Project Task networks graphically visualize the tasks/sub-tasks and their relationships. Project Task networks are also known as activity networks. The Work Breakdown Structure is a tree structure. The root of the tree is the whole project and the children of the root are the main tasks at first level of the tree which compose the project. At level 2 of the tree are the sub-tasks of the main tasks of the project at level 1. The rest levels of the tree are constructed similarly. Using the tree structure of the WBS allows the determining of secondary costs for tasks, resources, etc., into their advanced level parent tasks, materials, etc. The WBS is the basis for dividing work into defined tasks from which the, schedule, cost, and labor hour reporting can be established. There are many ways to decompose a project into tasks. Different project break-down ways lead to different estimates. If the generated WBS is incorrect, then the project estimates are wrong and time is wasted in doing the estimates. The project can be broken down by feature, by project phase (requirements tasks, design tasks, programming tasks, QA tasks, etc.), or by some combination of the two. WBS uses similar previous projects history and previous experience of projects that have been developed to generate project t estimates. Large projects are broken into more tasks than smaller projects or they can be broken into larger tasks than smaller projects. WBS, when created, is used by the project team to create an estimate of the effort required to perform each task. The most accurate estimates are those that rely on similar projects history and prior experience. Team members should review previous project results and find how long similar tasks in previous projects took to complete. Sources of delays in the past should be taken into account when making current estimates. The level of granularity of WBS varies depending on the level of abstraction and what information is available. At lower-levels of the WBS, expert judgment is the primary method used, while at higher levels of the WBS model-based estimates are more common. It is not possible to define a task set for the project uniquely. No set of tasks is appropriate for all types of projects. Project breakdown into tasks is dependent on the size of the project, complexities involved in the project, constraints of the projects and the skill set and capabilities of the team members working on the project. Project tasks have to be properly distributed according to the needs of the project deadlines and schedule. To develop a project schedule, a task set must be distributed on the project time line. The project set of tasks is defined based on the category of the project which is dealt with by the development team. Summary In this lecture we introduce project estimation to estimate project resource requirements, time duration, human effort, and cost. We also discuss the models and techniques used in the project estimation. We also discuss the estimation methods such as comparative, top-down, bottom-up (engineering), historical analogy and expert judgment. Then we presented decomposition technique to break down the project into tasks to assist us in estimating the project. We focus on the work breakdown structure (WBS) decomposition method. Exercises Is it possible to create a realistic estimate before the project team has agreed on the technical design for the software? When the team is working together to generate an estimate, should the testers estimate tasks which will be performed by the programmers? List three models of project estimate. What is estimated using project estimate? Describe the objectives of using decomposition technique? List advantages of decomposition technique for company managers. Describe the Source Lines of Code (SLOC) estimation method. List two advantages and two disadvantages of using The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO). What is the difference between Engineering estimate (Bottom-up) and top-down estimate? Explain decomposition techniques. How do you define a task set for the software project? What are project task networks?

Best Friend Poetry :: essays research papers

Not There I stare at you across the room I see your warming face I try to see the inside you hide Your feelings I try to embrace I realize as I look at you As I just sit and stare I can see you perfectly clear But for some reason you're not there I see your eyes, I see your face But yet I can not see Your loving inside that you had I can't see your personality I realize how much that you have changed How you don't seem to care I stare at you across the room But yet you are not there I knew someday it would have to end I knew eventually I would have to go back to calling you friend It's killing me that now that day has come If it's for the best then where is this pain from I know deep inside that this is what I had to do but it's breaking my heart to walk away from you I'm trying my best to appear strong but it's hard when part of me says that in your arms is where I belong I still love you with all my heart that's not going to change even though we're apart You were my first love and my first kiss There are so many of our special times I'm going to miss All the words I ever said or wrote still hold true But for now from a distance is where I'll be loving you I think you need me as a friend to help you through because there are things I can't control that are hurting you We both have issues no one knows of neither of us had the strength to be true to our love Maybe we will be together again if it was meant to be but for now please don't stop loving me Even though I'm not your girlfriend I'll still be here With a shoulder to cry on or a sympathetic ear The story of love can be quicker than the blink of an eye But our story of won't love be over until the day that we die Until We Meet Again I'm not sure if you know or not But I really do love you a lot. You still hold a special place in my heart And you did, right from the start.

Gender Development :: essays research papers

The Amazon is the "Mother Jungle" (Sachamama). It's home to the last free-roaming animals and to the vegetable universe in its greatest splendor. It's the great temple of Nature as a proof to God's original ideas, without human manipulation. When we travel in the interior of the forest, our body recognizes this hallowed place, and each of our cells awakens from its urban lethargy. Our inner biology readjusts to the rhythm of the pure air offered to us by the sacred garden. Our minds are slowly cleansed and we begin to hear the voices of the birds, the fish, the boa, the crocodile and the wind. For the first time we hear the powerful voice of the storm before it breaks into passionate rain. The mighty music of the concert of Life on planet Earth. After the water, the sun comes with its live-giving embrace. All the animals perform: Life, Love, and Death in the Forest. At dusk, infinite heartbeats become one and an ancient and immense peace fills our bodies and minds. Biodiversity and anthropology are the fundamental characteristics of the Ecuadorian Amazon. A haven to ornithology, entomology and orchidology; to unique land mammals --primates, felines, tapirs and many others; to Pink Dolphins; to countless reptiles, insects and amphibians, the Amazon jungle is also the home to some of the last and most ancestrally unique human groups: the Huaorani and Quechua cultures. Along with those main interests, visitors can get a taste of Shamanism (spiritual cleansing rituals), jungle gastronomy, natural cosmetics, traditional medicine, and Amazon handicrafts. Regularly scheduled programs invite visitors to stay in beautiful Jungle Lodges that blend perfectly into the forest and offer a full range of activities to introduce them into the reality of the Amazon basin, including boat rides in rivers walled by the most luxuriant vegetation on earth, and walks under an endless canopy of giant trees. The "Sachamama" trips take visitors to one of the last areas of totally virgin forest in the Ecuadorian Amazon. There are no roads in this part of the jungle. Travel is done exclusively by river and by air, entering the jungle by specially chartered airplane and travelling by indigenous methods: by dugout canoe. The group then stops along the river to penetrate the interior of the forest and camp every night on the beaches of the river or in the forest at the water's edge, the native's way... The program allows small and selected groups of visitors to participate in the life of the Amazon and its people, sharing their ways, their nomad lodgings, their jungle.

Technical Writing and Test Prep: An Examination of Technical Writing in

Developed in the 1950s as a response to an increased interest in post-secondary education due to the G.I. Bill, the American College Testing Program, known today as ACT, was a non- profit, tax-exempt organization which provided standardized testing services meant to â€Å"help students make better decisions about which colleges to attend and which programs to study, and provide information helpful to colleges both in the process of admitting students and in ensuring their success after enrollment† (â€Å"ACT.org†). Historically, the ACT has played an integral role in the developing the realms of education and the workforce, and it continues to support both education and workforce development in the 21st century. In 2002, the ACT organization announced a new corporate structure, comprised of â€Å"two divisions: Education and Workforce Development. The new governance structure consists of a 14-member Board of Directors, and the expanded advising structure retains the A CT State Organizations but now also includes two distinct Advisory Boards, one for each of the new divisions† (â€Å"ACT.org†) calling into question the company’s â€Å"non-profit† title. Adorning a corporate title, however, suggests that the role of the ACT organization and its purpose of standardized testing persist as an economic enterprise whose sole purpose is to create revenue. The ACT organization relies heavily on economic and technical developments that help sustain productivity and reliability of a product. In the case of the non-profit, tax exempt entity of ACT, standardized testing is big business as â€Å"every year Americans spend millions on the tests they are required to write in order to be evaluated for admission into undergraduate and graduate programs, and many millions mor... ...valuation of a text designed by, marketed by, and sold by ACT Incorporated. Ultimately, connecting the history of ACT testing, the creation of a test preparation study guide distributed by a non-profit â€Å"corporate† entity, and a qualitative study of technical design is undoubtedly a challenge. However, the findings of such research will potentially challenge or strengthen notions about the validity of both standardized test and test prep materials with respect to technical writing. Works Cited Works Cited "ACT: The First Fifty Years, 1959-2009." ACT.org. Act, Inc., 2009. Web. 1 Oct 2010. . Carter, Chris. The Case Against Standardized Tests. 6 Oct. 2009. testcritic.homestead.com. 23 Sep. 2010 .

Management of a Business †New Belgium Brewery Essay

Operations Management, Employee Ownership, and Leadership Provided by Management I would describe the operations management at New Belgium Brewing to be very well run. Founder, Jeff Lebesch, and co-founder, Kim Jordan, implemented an open-management system in 1996. This means that employees are directly involved in running the company. Employees are given training so that they understand how all of the financials of the New Belgian Brewery work. Kim believes that understanding the financials helps employees pay closer attention to them. Employee, Doug Miller says, â€Å"Once Kim and Jeff decided to let us all know where everything was going, it made it real important for us to keep count of every keg, any cases that are damaged. You know, it all adds up.† After a year of working for the company, each employee is given a share, and treated as a shareholder. Employees have a say in the overall direction of the company, and they work with the owners, rather than for them. This gives employees a vested interest in seeing the company progress further. The owners see all employee decisions and input as being very important to the success of the company. Chief Financial Officer, Jennifer V. Orgolini says, â€Å"How can you really care about the certain small things that are necessary to be done day in and day out if you don’t have a larger purpose behind them?† Since employees are shareholders, the more profit the company makes, the more their share is worth. This creates an environment of employee-owners that all want to work towards making the company as successful as possible. Employees all work at a similar level in separate, focused departments. Although, some departments needs to report certain things to other people and/or departments, no one in the company has more authority than anyone else. This is known as a decentralized organization, which means that everything is delegated as far down the chain of command as possible. Since employees to do not need to seek approval from managers, they can implement needed changes as quickly as possible. Overall, this system makes for happier, hardworking employees. Co-founder, Kim Jordan says, â€Å"I hear it a lot from customers, people who I’ll run into and say, ‘Wow, I was at your brewery and the vibe there is amazing. You can just tell that people really like being there.'† She also claims that, â€Å"I think that combination of happiness and extending yourself to have real relationships with people and being excellent here at New Belgium really creates a magical vibe.† Environmental Responsibility and Sustainability New Belgium has been working very hard over the last few years to be more environmentally responsible and sustainable. In 2008, the company was used about 158 MJ/hl in energy for the year. By 2011, they dropped that number down to 138 MJ/hl, and hope to drop it to 125 MJ/hl by 2018. The company has done all this by reducing their need for electricity. They have been investing in efficient equipment, installing heat exchangers, and designing their facilities with conservation in mind. In 2010, New Belgium installed a Smart Grid. A Smart Grid allows 2-way communication between the electricity provider and the company. The electricity provider can determine when New Belgium is running a non-essential function, and sends them a notice to turn it off. In January 2010, New Belgium installed solar panels on top of their packaging hall. It produces over 264,000 kWh each year and contributes to over 3% of the company’s total power supply. Both energy saving installations were partially funded by FortZED. New Belgium has an on-site Process Water Treatment Plant The Five Functions of Management The five functions of management are planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Planning involves deciding what the company’s objectives are and how to accomplish them. Objectives are the desired end results determined by an organization, they derive from the organization’s mission. A mission describes a company’s fundamental purpose and basic philosophy. Meeting objectives involves three types of general plans – strategic, tactical, and operational. Strategic plans establish the long-range objectives of an organizations, as well as the overall strategy or course of action used to fulfill their missions. Strategic plans factor in four things, the organizations strengths and weaknesses, as well as potential opportunities and threats. Strengths are the things that a company does well or the characteristics that give it an important aptitude. Weaknesses are things that a company does poorly with, does not have, or areas where it is at a disadvantage. Opportunities are things found in the external environment of a company that could be beneficial, cause potential growth, or be a source of competitive advantage. Threats are also found in  the external environment, but hold the possibility of causing damage to a company. Tactical Plans are short range and designed to utilize the objectives of the strategic plan. They are meant to help keep the company on the course set in the strategic plan. Tactical plans allow an organization the ability to react to unpredictable changes in the environment, so they must be periodically reviewed and updated by management. Operational Plans are very short term plans that determine what specific work groups, individuals, or departments must accomplish to achieve the goal of a tactical plan. Another part of planning is crisis management or contingency planning. This area deals with potential disasters that a company may face. They may be natural disasters or disasters within the company. Some companies will have crisis management team who deal specifically with these problems, which allows managers to continue to focus on their regular duties. New Belgium Brewery’s strategic plan is to have happy employee-owners who enjoy their job and work very hard to make this company profitable. They have and are continuing to achieve this with their tactical plan of making employees into owners, training workers to be financially literate, and by allowing employees access to the books. Since employees are given a share of the company after one year, they are treated like shareholders. They work with the owners, who listen to and consider all employee input into the operations. Because employees are shareholders, they work hard to make the company as successful as possible. Organizing involves structuring resources and activities in a way that accomplishes objectives efficiently and effectively. Managers will review plans and determine what activities are needed for implementing them. Work will be divided into smaller units and assigned to specific departments, individuals, or groups. Most of the time work is organized into teams that handle core processes, rather than constructing around traditional departments, such as marketing and production. Organizing helps create synergy, which means the sum of the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Organization also establishes lines of authority, improves communication, helps avoid reproduction of resources, and helps improve competitiveness by speeding up the decision making process. New Belgium Brewery is divided into departments that focus on certain areas of the company. However, unlike most businesses, the departments at New Belgium are not divided into a hierarchy of people with  more power and authority than those below them. The staff in each department work together at the same level and do not need to report to any managers. This gives employees the power to apply any needed changes in the company without waiting for the approval of a manager. Staffing involves hiring enough of and the right kind of people to carry out the work of the organization. Managers must determine what skills are needed for specific jobs and must recruit accordingly. Managers must determine how to motivate and train employees, how much to pay employees, what benefits should be provided, and how to prepare employees for potential higher-level jobs in the organization. Staffing also involves downsizing, which is the elimination of a large number of people from an organization. New Belgium focuses on hiring people who fit the culture of their company. Staff need to be willing to learn, willing to work hard, and need the people skills to get along with other people in the company. Also, New Belgium makes employees wait a year before giving them a share in their organization. This gives the owners time to make sure that an employee will fit well with their company and also tests their loyalty. Directing involves motivating and leading employees to achieve an organization’s objectives. Employers may motivate employees to do a good job with incentives, such as promotions or pay raises. However, most employees want more than money. Workers want to know that their ideas and input are of value to their employer. Smart managers know to involve their employees in company decision making processes as often as possible. This inclusion makes workers feel more important and better about their job, which greatly benefits the organization. New Belgium’s way of directing and motivating their employees is giving them shares in the company and making them employee-owners. Since staff are shareholders, they are a big part of decision making processes. Also, the incentive of owning a share in the company has employees trying to steer the company in a positive direction, so that they reap the benefits along with Jeff and Kim. Controlling involves evaluating and correcting the activities of an organization in order to keep them on course. This involves five activities: 1.Measuring performance 2.Comparing present performance with standards or objectives 3.Identifying deviations from the standards 4.Investigating the causes of deviations 5.Taking corrective action when necessary Controlling is closely related to planning. Planning establishes the goals and standards of an organization, controlling compares present performance with those goals and standards in order to determine whether or not performance is on target. When performance is not keeping up with the company’s expectations, employers must determine why that is and come up with a way to get back on track. Because employees at New Belgium do not have managers, and they all work at the same level, they can immediately implement any changes that may deviate the company from their desired course of action. Sources †¢http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPhypYaWHm8 †¢http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_reclamation †¢http://www.newbelgium.com/sustainability/Environmental-Metrics.aspx

Analyzing Communication: Mercedes Benz Commercial

Marshall Chen COM 101 – L1 Jordan Henry Essay 1 March 4th Analyzing Communication: Mercedes Benz Commercial During the half time of the Super Bowl this year, many commercials were shown to the audience for their very first time. One of the most successful commercials among them is the Mercedes-Benz’s â€Å"Soul† commercial because of its choice of communication method, and the use of several communication techniques and features like Aristotle’s â€Å"Rhetoric,† intrapersonal communication, and nonverbal codes.This commercial, â€Å"Soul† (Mercedes-Benz 2013 Super Bowl Commercial: â€Å"Soul†), is an around-two-minute video, starring Usher, Kate Upton, Sebastian Beacon and Willem Dafoe. It was posted on YouTube after the Super Bowl via â€Å"mbusa†. In this clip, the man (Sebastian Beacon) considers selling his soul to the devil (Willem Dafoe) to get the new Benz CLA, but then he realizes that he does not have to, because he can afford it. Since this video is on YouTube, the audience is so broad that the video uploader, â€Å"mbusa†, the official YouTube channel of Mercedes Benz, U.S. A. , cannot communicate with every audience who watches the video or even who leaves a comment at the link. Thus, this commercial belongs to mass communication (Adler and Rodman 336-26). Also, this mass communication process can be portrayed through the transactional communication model (Adler and Rodman 336-26). As â€Å"mbusa† made this video and posted it on YouTube, the sender sent this message to receivers through the Internet channel.After receiving this message, the audience of this video would start to respond to it by giving direct comment at the link, and also, the feedback of the receivers would be revealed in either the increase or the decrease of the sales volume of this car too. â€Å"Receivers† in the last paragraph are also the target audience of this commercial. To be more specific, the t arget audience of this video is people who want to buy a (new) car. However, because this CLA series is affordable as the maker of this video tries to imply, this commercial may appeal to people who do not want to by a car too.Moreover, since Benz put this video on Super Bowl halftime and YouTube, which both have millions of audience members in the world, the actual target audience can be astonishingly numerous. Commercial, as a sort of advertisement, is to present new products, to attract consumers and to inspire them to buy the product of this company. This commercial â€Å"Soul† is no exception. Mercedes-Benz made this video to introduce their brand new CLA saloon car series, and by demonstrating the starting price of this series, to tell people this series is actually affordable.In order to achieve these goals, the maker of this video uses the following two communication features and makes this commercial outstanding. First, this commercial utilizes intrapersonal communic ation (Adler and Rodman 336-26): after the devil seduces the man to sign the contract, saying, â€Å"You can have a deal with me kid and you can have the car and everything that goes along with it,† (Willem Dafoe, â€Å"Soul†) the man starts to imagine what will happen to him after he signs the contract and gets the car, the things that will come along with this car – fame, fortune, and sex.At the same time, audience may wonder what will happen if the man really signs the contract and may start to imagine what life will be like if they also have this car because they put themselves in the man’s shoes and follow the plot. People are rotten with perfection (Vigil) – who does not want a beautiful car like this? If fame and fortune and all those come along with this car, then why not buy one (especially when the price of the car at last turns out to be less than 30,000 dollars)? Second, this commercial shows a perfect application of Aristotle’s â€Å"Rhetoric†.By showing the car running, the maker of the video demonstrates the beauty (appearance and sound) of the car – ethos – â€Å"the nature of the source† (Richmond and McCrosky 336-9), or the car in this case. Next, by having the man imagine the life after he has the car, the video makes the audience imagine what their lives will be like after owning the car, and converges the emotion to that of the audience – pathos – â€Å"the emotions of the audience† (Richmond and McCrosky 336-9). Last, by revealing the minimum price of the car, the maker of the video presents the most important message in this video to the audience that this car is ffordable – logos – â€Å"the nature of the message presented by the source† (Richmond and McCrosky 336-9). According to Aristotle, these three are the methods of persuasion. Persuasion, in other words, is also the purpose of this video. To sum up, these two techniques , which the maker of the video uses fulfills the purpose of the commercial perfectly. In addition to the effectiveness of this commercial, there are two strengths in the video as well. The first strength of this commercial is the nonverbal codes used by the devil.When the devil starts to seduce the man, he looks at the man with a typical villain expression in his eyes, smiles treacherously, and speaks with a low tone. The devil is wearing a masonic ring, indicating his true evilness. These nonverbal codes make the beginning of the video so attractive that the audience would want to continue watching the commercial and see what will the devil do to the man. Also the background music goes along with the video and assists the â€Å"plot†, which makes the video more like a movie. The second strength is that Benz chooses some of the most effective advertising platforms to put this commercial on.This commercial was on the Super Bowl halftime show, YouTube, and TV. According to Inte rnational Business Times, â€Å"Over 108 million Americans watched the Baltimore Ravens beat the San Francisco 49ers 34-31 in Super Bowl XLVII. † (Anthony) Also, active YouTube users and people who watch TV are countless, so in total, there are a huge amount of audience who can see this commercial. As the number of actual audience of this commercial goes up, the number of people who think about buying or who really buy this car after watching this video goes up too. Despite the strengths, this commercial has two weaknesses.First of all, this video is not appropriate for kids to watch because of the sex and the devil topics involved. It may be difficult to explain to kids some of the sections in this video. Next, conspiracy theorists may use this commercial as a proof to disseminate their theories. A lot of symbols implying evil are used in the video, like the masonic ring, the double triangles in the background of the ball, the signature symbol on the contract. These symbols all allude Mason, Setan, or Illuminati. So the theorists may use these symbols as proof to argue for and disseminate their conspiracy theories, hich certainly have negative effects to the society. However, generally, the drawbacks in this commercial do not undermine its strengths and effectiveness. Through perfect application of nonverbal codes, intrapersonal communication, mass communication, and Aristotle’s â€Å"Rhetoric†, Mercedes-Benz and the maker of this video have made a commercial that is remarkable and effective. Work Cited Mbusa, , dir. Mercedes-Benz 2013 Super Bowl Commercial: â€Å"Soul†. 2013. Filmstrip. 6 Mar 2013. . Adler, Ronald, and George Rodman. â€Å"Human Communication What and Why. † Trans.Array Introduction to the World of Communication. Tammy Vigil. Revised 1st ed. Cognella, 2013. 336-26. Print. Vigil, Tammy. â€Å"Human Communication What and Why. † COM 101. Boston University. Massachusetts, Boston. 2013. Lecture. Richmond , Virginia, and James McCrosky. â€Å"Human Communication Theory and Research. † Trans. Array Introduction to the World of Communication. Tammy Vigil. Revised 1st ed. Cognella, 2013. 336-9. Print. Anthony, Riccobono. â€Å"Super Bowl 2013: How Many People Watched The Baltimore Ravens Over The San Francisco 49ers?. † International Business Times. (2013): n. page. Web. 6 Mar. 2013.